Mpox (monkeypox)

Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is a rare viral disease caused by the mpox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus, which also includes the variola virus (responsible for smallpox). Mpox was first discovered in 1958 in monkeys used for research, hence the original name. The disease primarily occurs in remote parts of Central and West Africa, often in areas close to tropical rainforests.

Mpox can be transmitted to humans from animals (primarily rodents and primates) through direct contact with blood, bodily fluids, or lesions on the skin or mucous membranes of infected animals. Human-to-human transmission occurs through respiratory droplets, direct contact with bodily fluids or lesions, and contaminated materials like bedding.

Symptoms of mpox typically include fever, intense headache, muscle aches, back pain, low energy, and swollen lymph nodes, followed by a rash that often starts on the face and spreads to other parts of the body. The rash eventually forms scabs, which later fall off. The disease is usually self-limiting, with symptoms lasting from 2 to 4 weeks, but severe cases can occur, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) for patients with mpox:

1. Patients with mpox should wear well-fitting source control, such as a medical mask if close contact with others cannot be avoided. This is especially important when receiving medical care or if they need to leave isolation for any reason.

2. Patients should cover all skin rashes to the extent possible by wearing long sleeves or long pants. This helps prevent contamination of the environment and reduces the risk of transmission.

3. Gloves can be considered for covering rash on the hands when not in isolation, such as when receiving medical care.

4. When changing bandages or handling contaminated linens, patients should wear disposable gloves if possible. They should wash their hands immediately after removing the gloves.

5. Patients should avoid using contact lenses to prevent inadvertent infection of the eye

It's important to note that these PPE recommendations are primarily aimed at preventing transmission to others and protecting the patient from further complications. The main goal is to contain the virus and prevent its spread while the patient is infectious. Proper isolation, hygiene practices, and following healthcare provider instructions are crucial components of managing mpox in addition to wearing appropriate PPE.

Useful link from Ministry of Health (MOH)
https://www.moh.gov.sg/diseases-updates/mpox